Lean Principles And Process Management of Mcdonald’s †Free Samples

Question: Talk about theLean Principles And Process Management of Mcdonalds. Answer: Presentation Lean assembling is a significant idea that assists with improving nature of administrations and furthermore assists with lessening cost of creation. Lean standards are likewise applied in industrial facility setting and help to make crafted by individuals increasingly proficient. The chiefs and the proprietors take the choices as per the tasks and creation limit of the association. Every association chooses assembling or administration process configuration as indicated by the prerequisites and a few conditions additionally influence the choices. The procedure structure an association chooses, decide proficiency and adequacy of creation (Lyons et al., 2013). Today numerous associations are applying lean standards in the assembling procedure structure through which associations are getting numerous advantages. Organizations are concentrating on creation or assembling process as well as giving spotlight on client care. The lean way of thinking can likewise be known as lean assembling, lean reasoning or Toyota creation framework. In mid-50s the idea of lean way of thinking was given by Japanese and numerous organizations are being comfortable with the idea. Prior just assembling organizations were applying lean standards for lean assembling or lean creation yet now administration parts are likewise utilizing lean standards to improve administration level. Many help businesses have applied lean standards and furthermore got benefits. In administration industry, lean standards are primarily applied to expand consumer loyalty level (Chase Apte, 2007). Numerous specialists have contributed in creating lean way of thinking. For better understanding the lean way of thinking, a few ideas are remembered for the report, for example, presentation of lean standards and materialness of lean standards in administration process plan. The organization that is taken for the exploration is McDonalds. McDonalds Company McDonalds is a well known American organization. The organization was established in 1940 by Maurice McDonald and Richard McDonald in San Bernardino, California. It is one of the biggest drive-thru eateries. The organization follows Speedy assistance framework process. First establishment of McDonalds opened in 1953 in Phonex, Arizona. Companys headquarter is in Oak Brook, Illinois in United States. Today McDonalds is the greatest café network and the organization is offering types of assistance to very nearly 68 million purchasers every day. As per the report created in 2016, it was seen that in excess of 375,000 individuals are working in this organization. Right now there are 5669 organization claimed areas and diversified areas are around 21,559. Today there are roughly 36900 outlets that are working in 120 nations. Andrew J. McKenna is the administrator and Steve Easterbrook is the president and CEO. McDonalds well known items are Hamburgers, French fries, chicken, soda pops, m ilk shakes, espresso, breakfast and sweets. In 2016, the companys income was recorded as US$24.622 billion. The organization utilizes diverse plans of action at better places. Ireland and United Kingdom plan of action is very surprising from US plan of action. The organization is centering to give excellent nutritious food in minimal effort to clients. The organization is resolved to upgrade client experience by consistently improving the activities. The organization is well known because of its great client support (Mcdonalds, 2017). Administration process plan The McDonalds organization utilizes administration process structure. The organization centers around the two products and enterprises. In McDonalds clients can interface eye to eye with specialist co-ops. McDonalds has an enormous client base offering types of assistance to numerous clients in a day. Organization manages such a significant number of clients in a day and centers to fulfill them with the administrations. The innovation McDonalds is utilizing is giving upper hand to the organization as the organization can deal with such huge numbers of clients one after another. Organization is utilizing present day microwaves, fryers and programmed drink producers to offer quick types of assistance to clients. The organization is continually attempting to give most recent innovation administrations to clients. Companys administration process plan should be adaptable to address the issues of buyers (Leavy, 2010) Writing Review In the current situation lean assembling is a noteworthy device and numerous ventures are utilizing lean idea. The exploration papers identified with lean usage idea have been distributed in many rumored diaries. In the examination papers numerous analysts have offered their input on lean execution. Lean devices are appropriate in different parts like assembling, administration, exchanging and different areas. Scientists Salem et al., 2016, completed examination on lean ideas, devices , procedures and standards in different ventures in Qatar and recognized lean advantages and difficulties. The analysts gathered significant data from various 333 associations identified with different segments like scholarly foundations, administration divisions and oil and gas segment by online overview. The outcomes assisted with understanding that in Qatar the enterprises require to give more concentrate on lean idea so as to contend at worldwide level. The examination likewise assisted with realizing that in various businesses there are contrasts in level of mindfulness and acknowledgment of lean idea. Renowned scientists Chaple, Narkhede Akarte, 2014, explored the hindrances and empowering agents in relevance of lean idea. It very well may be handily recognized by examining assembling or administration model of Indian enterprises. The analysts have examined that vehicle and electronic enterprises are significantly applying lean ideas than different businesses. The analysts likewise recognized that in any industry essentially chiefs are answerable for usage of lean idea. Numerous supervisors give significant commitment in dynamic movement. The achievement of the association mostly relies on the capacities of directors. Two well known specialists Chikhalikar Sharma, 2015, researched on lean usage on motor assembling unit. The nation chose for the exploration is India. The exploration investigated that a few components like ill-advised data transmission, squander, inappropriate control on stock administration, transportation issue and insufficient material stream make obstructions in lean usage. The issue can be understood by actualizing Six sigma, Kanban, JIT, Kaizen and TPM. Kumar, 2015 researched to make network between lean assembling components and Indian assembling industry. They distinguished the advantages of lean assembling as the idea helps in cost cutting, quality improvement and in stock administration. The scientists, ?iarnien? VienaÃ¥ ¾indien?, 2014, uncovered the hindrances and difficulties the association faces while actualizing lean idea. Lean idea assists with making an incentive to the organization and furthermore to the end clients. In lean way of thinking organizations center to lessen squander and furthermore utilize squander the executives techniques. Three obstructions association faces are process boundary, individuals hindrance and manageability hindrance. The hindrances can be dealt with by utilizing powerful apparatuses and techniques. Human inspiration can assist with expelling individuals hindrance. The top administration should give commitment in usage of lean idea in the association and the lean idea ought to be applied through detailing fitting system. The associations should give center around an incentive to the client, consistent stream, squander disposal and pull driven framework. The examination directed by Almeida Marodin Saurin, 2015, assisted with distinguishing a few dangers that can give negative effect on lean creation execution process. The specialists likewise demonstrated the characterization of dangers and the interrelation between dangers. The scientists utilized different sources like meeting, report examination and perception to gather information. The analysts distinguished that inward dangers influence the framework more than outer dangers. There are two significant stages in hazard the executives like hazard reaction and hazard observing or controlling. From the exploratory factor examination the analysts distinguished 14 dangers. Top supervisors, center level administrators and lower level chiefs contribution is required in lean execution process. Shah Ward, 2007, characterized that lean execution is a consolidated social specialized framework and the principle point is to diminish squander by simultaneously lessening inward changeability. Agreeing Gfu Teodorescu, 2014, Lean idea is all around adjusted standard that assists with doing get together of various parts. Effective lean execution helps in critical thinking. Legitimate worker contribution is required for usage of fitting strategies and practices. In the examination Chauhan Singh, 2012, portrayed about JIT, disposal of waste and client esteem. In lean assembling a few boundaries are significant, for example, JIT conveyances, multifunctional groups, vertical data framework, pull, zero deformities, and disposal of waste. Numerous organizations are utilizing JIT approach for offering some incentive to clients. Lean standards Lean assembling hypothesis for the most part centers around squander decrease. The association centers to accomplish more with less endeavors. Associations utilize a few assets in certain exercises that are really not required as the assets are not contributing in esteem. Lean standards can be applied on assembling, plan, appropriation exercises and in client care forms. The idea was established by Taiichi Ohno, a Toyota official during the reproduction time of post-world war in Japan and Daniel T. Jones and James P. Womack are the people who promoted the idea and these writers likewise depicted lean assembling in their book distributed in 1996. In lean way of thinking the organizations attempt to abbreviate time between client request and item conveyance. Long creation time expands cost of creation of merchandise. In lean creation, organizations center to diminish process duration. Lean assembling gives accentuation on 3 focuses disposal of waste, strateg

WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce Which eCommerce Platform Is Best

WooCommerce has long beenâ the go-to eCommerce answer for WordPress clients. Its lightweight, loaded with customization choices, and strong of all shapes and sizes locales. Squarespace Commerce, then again, is proclaimed for its shocking topics and convenience. Since theyre both mainstream eCommerce stages, its opportunity to pit WooCommerce versus Squarespace Commerce to see which comes out on top.Squarespace is one of the more youthful organizations in the eCommerce game, seeingâ as how it started as a fundamental web designer and in the end ventured into online stores. WooCommerce, then again, has been a big cheese for a long while. In addition to the fact that it dominates the WordPress eCommerce advertise, its likewise the most well known generally speaking eCommerce solution.The purpose of this article is to assist you with settling on an educated choice about your onlineâ store stage. Both WooCommerce and Squarespace have good highlights and certain focal points over the ot her. Youll find that estimating isn't the main story here. Squarespace offers an incredible encounter for tenderfoots, while WooCommerce has what you requirement for a quickly developing eCommerce business.Therefore, we will likely look at WooCommerce versus Squarespace Commerce so you have the realities you have to make a decisionâ for your particular site. WooCommerce fills in as a module that transforms any WordPress site into a full eCommerce store. Its extraordinary for growing a brand and tweaking each part of your store.Squarespace is a smooth web designer known for its reality class formats. The Commerce plan includes essential, yet natural eCommerce usefulness, incredible for little and medium sized businesses.Pitting WooCommerce versus Squarespace Commerce: The featuresWooCommerce versus Squarespace CommerceWooCommerceSquarespace CommerceIts a totally free eCommerce WordPress plugin.Two eCommerce plans are accessible, one for $26 every month and another for $40 per month. Requires you to discover and pay for your own web have, area name, topic, and potential plugins.Each eCommerce plan gives facilitating, alongside a format library. Areas are given for nothing with a yearly purchase.Sell boundless products.Sell boundless products.The plan choices are unending, with a great many subject engineers in the WordPress people group and full control with the WordPress customizer and site files.It has a better than average assortment of topics made in-house. The topics are lovely and the highlights decent, yet youre stayed with what is given.WooCommerce expansions and general WordPress modules extend your advancement possibilities.All gave highlights are implicit. No applications, modules, or expansions are offered.It accompanies fundamental security highlights, yet youll need to locate your own SSL endorsement (or pick a host that offers that component constructed in).Basic security and SSL testaments are incorporated with your purchase.The arrangement is su fficiently basic and the client experience great for those acquainted with WordPress. Indeed, even novices ought to have the option to get the hang of it.Squarespace gives a strong eCommerce arrangement in one bundle, making it simple for apprentices, however somewhat less than what experienced designers want.It may be simple for some to settle on a decision dependent on a basic outline, yet regularly that is not the situation. Lets dive somewhat more profound into the element differencesWooCommerce versus Squarespace Commerce: PricingWooCommerce begins solid with the free module. Believe it or not, it doesnt cost you a dime to download the WooCommerce module and introduce it on your WordPress website. This implies you get probably the most remarkable stock administration and store configuration instruments available, for free.However, it is anything but an entirelyâ free ride.Sure, WordPress is free, yet you need a self-facilitated WordPress site to run WooCommerce. Along these li nes, you may wind up spending somewhere in the range of $5 to $100 every month. This estimating gets much higher when youre taking a shot at an immense site.That stated, I would financial plan around $5 to $25 every month for a startup online store.Other than that, you no doubt need a WooCommerce topic. Thatll run you somewhere in the range of $40 to $100 (once payment).Domains normally just expense around $10 every year, and some WordPress modules are either free or inexpensive.What that being stated, the expense for premium WooCommerce modules can rapidly begin to include. What's more, in the event that you need to keep those modules refreshed, youll need to pay a restoration charge each year.How does Squarespace Commerce compare?One thing is without a doubt: Squarespace evaluating is a lot more obvious. Be that as it may, the principal online store plan, called the Basic Plan, goes for $26 every month (charged annually).If youd like help for client surrendered truck recuperation, continuous bearer delivery, programmed limits, and gift vouchers, the $40 every month Advanced arrangement is required.The champ: WooCommerceIts conceivable, however far-fetched, to run a WooCommerce webpage for as meager as $5 every month. That would be on the low end for a little site, yet regardless of whether you likewise pay for a subject and some top notch augmentations, its still conceivable to come in less expensive than Squarespace relying upon your needs.Squarespace is possibly pricier than an essential WooCommerce store, yet additionally more predictable.WooCommerce versus Squarespace Commerce: Skill levelEvaluating who may appreciate WooCommerce is an intriguing undertaking. Progressed and halfway designers love WordPress for its control and customization options.Some complete apprentices may be scared by the WordPress/WooCommerce interface and the way toward setting up facilitating. In any case, WordPress has such huge numbers of preparing assets online that its very e asy to learn.Squarespace can be utilized by anybody. Theres a decent possibility that gifted engineers have no enthusiasm for the fairly restricted Squarespace Commerce highlights, however its an amateurs dream. By and large, you cannot beat Squarespace if youre attempting to dispatch an excellent site fast.The Winner: SquarespaceI like Squarespace for apprentices and middle of the road clients who arent keen on finding their own facilitating and topics. Be that as it may, numerous engineers laugh at making an online store on the platform.WordPress may appear to be somewhat alarming from the outset, however a little practice makes it available for learners and propelled clients alike.But as far as generally convenience, anybody can comprehend Squarespace Commerce to make a site.WooCommerce versus Squarespace Commerce: ThemesThis is one of those classifications where its extreme to destroy Squarespace. The whole brand has been based on making the most rich, current subjects out there .However, WordPress and WooCommerce topics are so copious. You have a huge number of alternatives to browse, so its a nearby race.However, Squarespace chops down the determination procedure and guarantees that your subjects are both delightful and useful. WordPress clients realize that you can locate some incredible topics, yet its likewise simple to pay for a terrible one.The victor: WooCommerceReputable WooCommerce subjects are significantly more remarkable than the subjects on Squarespace.However, I despite everything think Squarespace has marvelous subjects. In the event that youre searching for topic amount, WooCommerce wins without an inquiry, though.WooCommerce versus Squarespace Commerce: Extensions and pluginsSince its piece of the WordPress environment, WooCommerce coordinates with WordPress modules. Along these lines, on the off chance that you need a SEO module, go with Yoast. On the off chance that you need a reserving module, snatch WP Super Cache. Searching for a cont act structure? Contact Form 7 has you covered.Not just that, yet WooCommerce offers its own commercial center of expansions from affirmed outsider engineers (just as some modules directly from WooCommerce).Some of them incorporate WooCommerce Subscriptions, WooCommerce Google Analytics, Product Search, Product Add-ons, and numerous more.Squarespace doesnt have any modules or augmentations. Each element is implicit. Despite the fact that you despite everything get most required eCommerce devices, (similar to gift vouchers, deserted trucks, and email advertising), propelled devices are lacking.The champ: WooCommerceThis class is an easy decision WooCommerce has modules and augmentations, while Squarespace does not.WooCommerce versus Squarespace Commerce: Product managementWooCommerce smoothes out item the executives with wonderful item pages and an intelligent rundown for stock. Both computerized and physical items are upheld and you can consolidate things like item additional items a nd variants.The Squarespace item creation module has a superb structure, permitting you to comprehend your stock and make alluring item pages. Make variations and SKUs, and sell both advanced and physical products.The champ: Tie for most usersI by and by lean toward the item creation page on Squarespace, yet that is on the grounds that its so natural to comprehend. On the off chance that youre simply selling essential items, the item the executives highlights are genuinely comparative between the platforms.However, for shops with progressively one of a kind items, or shops with loads of variations, WooCommerces adaptability will be a greatly improved fit. For instance, Squarespace forces a 100 SKU limit on item variations, while WooCommerce has no hard breaking point on varieties. Moreover, WooCommerce lets you accomplish all the more intriguing things, as make totally adjustable items (you can see a case of this adaptability at Qã ¼ero Handmade Shoes).Who wins the WooCommerce vers us Squarespace Commerce battle?For eCommerce stores that need adaptability and versatility, the modules and customization choices make it hard to wander away from WooCommerce.However, Squarespace still has a spot in the eCommerce world, seeing as what number of organizations will find that they appreciate the everything is incorporated methodology with facilitating, spaces names, and subjects bundled in.Many private companies will likewise favor Squarespace in light of the simple site-building and wonderful themes.If you have any inquiries regarding this examination, let us know in the remarks beneath. @WooCommerce is better than @Squarespace for shops that need adaptability. Here's the reason

Bullying in Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tormenting in Schools - Essay Example As a rule tormenting can be characterized as ground-breaking kid or gathering assaulting the individuals who are less ground-breaking deliberately to cause hurt. Tormenting can in this manner take three structures: physical which by and large include beating, punching kicking, pushing, taking individual assets and so on.; verbal which include insulting, prodding, nicknaming, making dangers; and mental, for example, spreading bits of gossip, controlling social connections, or terrorizing through motions or social avoidance (Ericson, 2001). Harassing in schools has become such a significant issue, that the greater part of the schools are finding a way to forestall it through enemy of tormenting approaches. In the event that we investigate the insights it is evaluated that 30 percent of American kids are normally engaged with harassing, either as menaces, casualties, or both (NRCSS, 2001). Additionally, specialists have likewise called attention to that around 15 percent of understudies are seriously damaged or bothered by either harassing occurrence, and around eight percent of the understudies report being deceived in any event once every week (Hoover and Oliver, 1996; Skiba and Fontanini, 2000). Bullying is one of the most genuine enemy of social exercises that can hurt people and gatherings. ... Then again, youngsters who menace are bound to become fierce and forceful grown-ups (Banks, 2000). It is imperative to take note of that even those understudies who are not legitimately associated with tormenting are influenced. Youngsters and teenagers who regularly witness tormenting at school experience the ill effects of weakness feeling and have a less secure learning condition. They dread that they may turn into the objective of tormenting sometime in the future. In the event that we consider the measurements of the genuine effect of harassing in schools, scientists found that 160,000 understudies miss school each day because of dread of assault or terrorizing by a domineering jerk (Fried and Fried, 1996). Generally around 20 percent of understudies fear harassing during a significant part of the school day (Garrity, et al., 1997). Weinhold and Weinhold (1998) assessed that 10 percent of understudies who drop out of school are a result of continued tormenting. Additionally, 60 percent of understudies as indicated by Banks (2000) portrayed as menaces in grades 6-9 had in any event one criminal conviction when they arrive at the age 24. Subsequently, these measurements bring up that there is a pressing need to get approaches in the schools to control harassing. Procedures to battle harassing A few analysts have said that the best methods for tending to harassing is through thorough, school-wide projects including understudies, guardians, instructors and advisors (Atlas and Pepler, 1998). It is likewise imperative to have extraordinary projects intended to diminish the harassing exercises in schools. For example, the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, created, refined, and efficiently assessed in Bergen, Norway, in the mid-1980s, is extraordinary compared to other realized activities intended to diminish

How to Write a Multi State Essay

How to Write a Multi State EssayThe most important thing to remember when you are writing a multi state essay is that it should not be boring. In fact the main problem with state essays is that they tend to become boring in some cases and boring in others. There are three basic areas in which an essay needs to cover and here we will look at how to look at the key points within the state topic.The first of the three main types of state topics is the one that revolves around, 'What was the issue that caused the state to have an issue?' One of the first of the problems with an essay that deals with this topic is that it tends to become too theoretical. Rather than writing an essay about, 'what were the causes of the state becoming problematic', why not write an essay about, 'what led to the problem of the state becoming problematic'. It's quite simple really.Another type of state essay is the one that asks questions. The most common way of doing this is to ask a question, 'what is the k ey issue that caused the state to have an issue?' If there is no answer, then you need to start looking at other areas of the essay that deals with the problems that led to the state to become problematic.Finally, the one of the most important types of state essays is the one that deals with, 'what does the state need to do to improve?'. Again, many writers often don't realise that the essay should make its own conclusion. Instead, if the question doesn't help, they should look for another area of the essay that does and ask what that area is.Of course, these questions will likely differ from person to person but this is where the aim of the essay should be. Don't focus on the issues itself, rather, you should concentrate on how those issues can be improved and how the ideas within those issues could potentially help the world. There are many other questions you could ask and you should use them to increase the depth of your essay.In order to answer the next questions you might have for yourself, you should consider checking out some books or articles that have some interesting things to say about state topics. For example, in the late 90s the nuclear weapons may have been used in Iraq, but the country still had problems with drugs and crime. If you look at some of the essay topics you could come up with something like, 'how did this nuclear weapons conflict affect Iraq's drug problems and crime rates?'The final tip to remember is that you shouldn't worry too much about being overly pedantic. The purpose of the essay is to tell a story and to give the reader an insight into how a certain country has dealt with particular issues in the past. Try to think about other options as well as approaching the subject from a logical point of view.

Improving Our Cognitive Function At Any Age - 1134 Words

Improving our cognitive functions at any age seems to be a good idea. In a world where the ageing population will soon outnumber the young it is an event more important to find a way to protect and enchants them. Everywhere there more and more different products that promise to keep the mind young and sharp. They can be found everywhere from the Apple App store, where you can find apps that help you improve problem solving and decision making abilities to the pharmacy, where you can find tens of different dietary supplements that claim to improve memory. Unfortunately, not all of them really help, therefore, the question is there something that can really maintain or improve our cognitive functions for real. One of the many hypothesis is†¦show more content†¦Podewils et al. (2005) found that it is possible that physical activities decreases the risk of dementia and conserve cognitive function. The study calculated the leisure-time energy expenditure and an activity index reflecting number of different physical activities of 3, 375 men and women over the age of 65 that did not suffer from dementia that participated in Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study. After a mean follow-up of 5.4 years, 480 of the participants has developed dementia. After multivariate adjustment, the study found that individuals who participated in 4 or more activities had a lower risk of dementia the those who engaged in one or less. Laurin et al. (2001), Scarmeas et al. (2001) and Larson et al. (2006), also, found similar relationship between physical exercise and dementia in people age of 65 and older. They all found that regular physical activity reduce the risk of dementia and/or preserve cognitiv e functions. Up to this point we saw evidence that physical exercise can prevent the decline of cognitive functions in later life, but that does not mean that it improves them. There are some studies that could not find a relationship between exercise and cognitive functions in people over the age of 65. For example, Sturman et al. (2005) could not find evidence that physical activity alone protects against cognitive decline in this age group. They assed 4055 adults over the age of 64 on with questions

It is widely accepted that people drink alcohol in order...

It is widely accepted that people drink alcohol in order to deal with stress. Therefore would that also hold true with college students? Do Eastern Michigan University students drink to be social and to deal with stressors associated with college life? Information on the significance of the problem addressed College should be the best four years of our lives. Instead studies are showing that students are showing record levels of stress in regards to college. Academics, finances, family issues, and concerns with finding a job after graduation top the list of stressors. The Michigan State University student newspaper, The Independent Voice (Feb. 2013) noted that â€Å"more than half of college students reported above average or†¦show more content†¦Students who binge drink are more likely to put themselves and others at risk for injury by operating or riding in a motor vehicle after drinking. Annually an estimated 30,000 college students require medical treatment after overdosing on alcohol. Lastly, students who attend schools with high rates of binge drinking experience a greater number of secondhand effects such as disruption of sleep or study, property damage, and verbal, physical, or sexual violence. One statistical forecast we found while reviewing the literature stat ed that between 2% to 3% of the nation’s college undergraduates will ultimately die from alcohol-related causes. The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions conducted a recent survey which noted that 19% of college students’ age eighteen to twenty-four years of age met the criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual on Mental Disorders for alcohol abuse or dependence. Five percent of those same students sought treatment for alcohol problems in the past year while 3% of them thought they should seek help but did not. The U.S. Surgeon General and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) identified binge drinking among college students as a major public health problem. In â€Å"Healthy People 2010† which sets U.S. public health goals through the year 2010, the Federal government has singled out binge drinking among college students for a specific, targeted reduction (i.e., from 39 to 20Show MoreRelatedThe Nature vs. Nurture Debate in Learning More about Alcoholism2588 Words   |  11 Pagesnurture debate concerning alcohol abuse and alcoholism. STATISTICS: The abuse of alcohol alone is estimated at $144.1 billion dollars annually. Every man, woman and child in America pays nearly $1,000 a year to cover the costs of unnecessary health care, auto accidents, crime and lost of productivity resulting from alcohol abuse. Alcohol deaths account for approximately five percent of all deaths occurring in the United States. 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The Targeting Strategies used by Dubai Islamic Bank Free-Sample

Questions: 1.Examine current Market Targeting, Segmentation and Positioning Theory. 2.Examine Current Process used by Dubai Islamic Bank to Target, Segment and Position it self in Banking Sector. Answers: 1.Introduction Just as the name says, Dubai Islamic Bank is an Islamic bank located in Dubai and whose headquarters are still in Dubai. Having been started in 1975, it became the first bank to implement traditional Islamic laws, rules and regulation in their business operations. To be precise it was the first bank in the whole of United Arab Emirates to implement such laws in its banking system and strives its best to be the pioneer and retainer of those laws and values. Just like any other bank, the DIB is public joint stock company whose shares are also recorded and documented in the Dubai Financial market. Therefore, this means that its operations are just like any other banks when it comes to any other business but differs slightly in the laws that govern the operations such as trust and innovation (Laketa et al, 2015). In addition to that, for the company, the customers are always a priority and therefore have to do what is best for them. In that case, this project will discuss the current pro cess that the bank uses to target its customers, segment its market and position itself in the banking sector. However, despite the differences in which it operates, the bank manages to keep itself in the market and is currently growing and developing at a high rate. 2.Current Processed Used Customer First Initiative Just as mentioned earlier, the banks idea is to first put its customers needs before anything else. The bank has made this activity one of its most desired objective and goal, i.e. be it external or internal customers they are all treated equality and as a priority. Additionally, it has become the objective of every employee as well hence attracting more customers because of the special treatment they receive from the employee and services offered. Also, with this in mind, every activity that the bank undertakes is for the greater satisfaction of the customers needs (Mohamed et al, 2013). In general, this is actually the main reason every business exists and has always proved to be a very effective strategy to implement. Branch Opening It has been discovered that DIB has over 90 branches in the UAE which are currently operational. As every business continues to grow, it starts to expand and therefore open branches in different locations where there is promising and potential success. With this fact, DIB seem to be operating in many different countries in Pakistan and considering the fact that they are still operational, then the business is still thriving. Also, it means that it carries a large share of clients who help it keep running in all its branches. Effective Technology Usage The bank has currently devised a way to fasten the process of servicing the customers. When a customer wants to open an account or do any banking activity, they can do it electronically by use a seamless process which completes the processes in 15-20 minutes tops. The implementation of this technology was done simply because the demand for banking services was increasing and the process was so slow and tiresome. Therefore, by trying to fasten the process for the customers, it will definitely attract more and also increase their loyalty. Customer Centered Organization Basically, DIB is a customer centered bank which focuses on not only improving but also retaining the traditions and the laws that govern its operations but still relate to the culture and traditions of majority of its customers. The bank offers a lot of support for the customer groups, traditional events and other charitable events like fundraisings. In addition to that, it serves its customers through participating in community development, non-profitable organizations and other humanitarian organizations that serve the community juts for economic growth and development (Draghici, 2011). Research Area The research area is the precisely the Dubai Islamic Bank (DIB) which is already discussed in the information above. Research Question How effective are the targeting strategies used by Dubai Islamic Bank? Internal Data This will certainly be derived from the banks accounting and financial reports, its reports from the customers, managers, market analysts and other people who are involved in the banks operations, especially those that are related to its market positioning and segmentation. These reports will be very current and relevant. For instance, the reports for the end of year 2016. External Secondary Source These are the sources listed in my reference section. The sources for my report information are certainly very informative and factual. The data that is contained there relates to the issue on how businesses would want to increase and improve its market share and segment. Additionally, they talk about techniques which businesses can use to attract more customers and keep itself in the market as well. The sources help me answer my research questions by giving a clear understanding of the topic with reference to DIB bank. With that information, I am able to source my research questions answers. Furthermore, they sources are very recent (less than 7years old) and are also very relevant to the topic itself besides the specific research questions. My sources certainly written from an academic point of view by educational researchers who were pretty curious about business growth and development and especially the market increase and market segment. AUTHORS DATE AREA OF PUBLIC TITLE REASON OF CHOICE True Banking Team Sept 2010 Islamic Banking industry forecast, growth and development Islamic microfinance reshaping the lives of poor Contains most of the information about the banking and market targeting strategies of most banks in the region and especially of the type as the DIB. Central bank of UAE 2014 Data on DIBs infrastructure growth Automated teller machines distribution in UAE Has a lot of information on the financial status of the DIB therefore shedding light on its status in the international market. Abul Hassan, Abdelkader Chachi and Salma Abdul Latiff 2008 Scholarly paper on marketing and ethics in Islamic banking Islamic Marketing Ethics and Its Impact on Customer Satisfaction in the Islamic Banking Industry Shows the basic marketing, segment and positioning strategies of many businesses in general especially the Islamic business and customer relations. Pricewaterhousecoopers PWC 2010 Scholarly paper on Islamic banking Finance Islamic Finance Creating value Contains information about the general Islamic banking techniques, procedures and rules which therefore governs the DIB bank. Conclusion The above processes are basically some of the easiest ways which any business can use to target, segment and position itself in its market. Additionally, every business objective is to satisfy its customers needs. Therefore, for DIB is no different because this being their very main aim and objective, they are to achieve it really well. Apparently, the bank also involves itself in many other activities that are likely to attract customers, increase their loyalty and maintain the customers for as long as it takes. Also, they are able to segment and position themselves in their market by starting up many branches in different locations where there operations are also popular, famous and well recognized by many. References Laketa, M., Sanader, D., Laketa, L. and Misic, Z., 2015. Customer relationship management: Concept and importance for banking sector.UTMS Journal of Economics,6(2), p.241. Mohamed, N., Mahmud, M., Ahlan, A.R., Hussein, R., Karim, A., Shahriza, N. and Aditiawarman, U., 2013. Moving toward e-business: customer relationship management alignment in Malaysian small business.International Journal of Ebusiness and Egovernment Studies,5(2), pp.112-21. Draghici, C., 2011. The Role of the Customer Relationship Management in the Era of Globalization.Studia Universitatis Babes Bolyai-Negotia, (3), pp.63-81.

The Scarlet Letter - Analysis Essays - English-language Films

The Scarlet Letter - Analysis Nathaniel Hawthorne's background influenced him to write the bold novel The Scarlet Letter. One important influence on the story is money. Hawthorne had never made much money as an author and the birth of his first daughter added to the financial burden ("Biographical Note" VII). He received a job at the Salem Custom House only to lose it three years later and be forced to write again to support his family (IX). Consequently, The Scarlet Letter was published a year later (IX). It was only intended to be a long short story, but the extra money a novel would bring in was needed ("Introduction" XVI). Hawthorne then wrote an introduction section titled "The Custom House" to extend the length of the book and The Scarlet Letter became a full novel (XVI). In addition to financial worries, another influence on the story is Hawthorne's rejection of his ancestors. His forefathers were strict Puritans, and John Hathorne, his great-great-grandfather, was a judge presiding during the S! alem witch trials ("Biographical Note" VII). Hawthorne did not condone their acts and actually spent a great deal of his life renouncing the Puritans in general (VII). Similarly, The Scarlet Letter was a literal "soapbox" for Hawthorne to convey to the world that the majority of Puritans were strict and unfeeling. For example, before Hester emerges from the prison she is being scorned by a group of women who feel that she deserves a larger punishment than she actually receives. Instead of only being made to stand on the scaffold and wear the scarlet letter on her chest, they suggest that she have it branded on her forehead or even be put to death (Hawthorne 51). Perhaps the most important influence on the story is the author's interest in the "dark side" ("Introduction" VIII). Unlike the transcendentalists of the era, Hawthorne "confronted reality, rather than evading it" (VII). Likewise, The Scarlet Letter deals with adultery, a subject that caused much scandal when it w! as first published (XV). The book revolves around sin and punishment, a far outcry from writers of the time, such as Emerson and Thoreau, who dwelt on optimistic themes (VII). This background, together with a believable plot, convincing characterization, and important literary devices enables Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter to the develop the theme of the heart as a prison. The scaffold scenes are the most substantial situations in the story because they unify The Scarlet Letter in two influential ways. First of all, every scaffold scene reunites the main characters of the novel. In the first scene, everyone in the town is gathered in the market place because Hester is being questioned about the identity of the father of her child ( Hawthorne 52). In her arms is the product of her sin, Pearl, a three month old baby who is experiencing life outside the prison for the first time (53). Dimmesdale is standing beside the scaffold because he is Hester's pastor and it is his job to convince her to repent and reveal the father's name (65). A short time later, Chillingworth unexpectedly shows up within the crowd of people who are watching Hester after he is released from his two year captivity by the Indians (61). In the second scene, Dimmesdale is standing on top of the scaffold alone in the middle of the night (152). He sees Hester and Pearl walk through the market place on their way back from Governor Winthrop's bedside (157). When Dimmesdale recognizes them and tells them to join him, they walk up the steps to stand by his side (158). Chillingworth appears later standing beside the scaffold, staring at Dimmesdale, Hester, and Pearl. In the final scaffold scene, Dimmesdale walks to the steps of the scaffold in front of the whole town after his Election day sermon (263). He tells Hester and Pearl to join him yet again on the scaffold (264). Chillingworth then runs through the crowd and tries to stop Dimmesdale from reaching the top of the scaffold, the one place where he can't reach him (265). Another way in which the scenes are united is how each illustrates the immediate, delayed, and prolonged effects that

Definitions and Discussions of Medieval Rhetoric

Definitions and Discussions of Medieval Rhetoric The expression medieval rhetoric refers to the  study and practice of rhetoric from approximately A.D. 400 (with the publication of St. Augustines On Christian Doctrine) to 1400. During the Middle Ages, two of the most influential works from the classical period were Ciceros De Inventione (On Invention) and the anonymous Rhetorica ad Herennium (the oldest complete Latin textbook on rhetoric). Aristotles Rhetoric and Ciceros De Oratore werent rediscovered by scholars until late in the medieval period. Nonetheless, says Thomas Conley, medieval rhetoric was  far more than a mere transmission of mummified traditions that were poorly understood by those who transmitted them. The Middle Ages are often represented as stagnant and backward . . ., [but] such a representation fails dismally to do justice to the intellectual complexity and sophistication of medieval rhetorics (Rhetoric in the European Tradition, 1990). Periods of Western Rhetoric Classical RhetoricMedieval RhetoricRenaissance RhetoricEnlightenment RhetoricNineteenth-Century RhetoricNew Rhetoric(s) Examples and Observations It was Ciceros youthful, schematic (and incomplete) treatise De inventione, and not any one of his mature and synthetic theoretical works (or the even fuller account in Quintilians Institutio oratoria) that became the shaping influence on so much medieval rhetorical teaching. . . . Both the De inventione and the Ad Herennium proved to be excellent, coherent teaching texts. Between them they conveyed complete and concise information about the parts of rhetoric, topical invention, status theory (the issues upon which the case rests), attributes of the person and the act, the parts of a speech, the genres of rhetoric, and stylistic ornamentation. . . . Oratory, as Cicero had known and defined it, had declined steadily during the years of the [Roman] empire under political conditions that did not encourage the forensic and judicial oratory of earlier periods. But rhetorical teaching survived through late antiquity and into the Middle Ages because of its intellectual and cultural prestige , and in the course of its survival it took on other forms and found many other purposes.(Rita Copeland, Medieval Rhetoric. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, ed. by Thomas O. Sloane. Oxford University Press, 2001) Applications of Rhetoric in the Middle Ages In application, the art of rhetoric contributed during the period from the fourth to the fourteenth century not only to the methods of speaking and writing well, of composing letters and petitions, sermons and prayers, legal documents and briefs, poetry and prose, but to the canons of interpreting laws and scripture, to the dialectical devices of discovery and proof, to the establishment of the scholastic method which was to come into universal use in philosophy and theology, and finally to the formulation of scientific inquiry which was to separate philosophy from theology.(Richard McKeon, Rhetoric in the Middle Ages. Speculum, January 1942) The Decline of Classical Rhetoric and the Emergence of Medieval Rhetoric There is no single point when classical civilization ends and the Middle Ages begins, nor when the history of classical rhetoric ends. Beginning in the fifth century after Christ in the West and in the sixth century in the East, there was a deterioration of the conditions of civic life that had created and sustained the study and uses of rhetoric throughout antiquity in courts of law and deliberative assemblies. Schools of rhetoric continued to exist, more in the East than in the West, but they were fewer and were only partially replaced by study of rhetoric in some monasteries. The acceptance of classical rhetoric by such influential Christians as Gregory of Nazianzus and Augustine in the fourth century significantly contributed to continuation of the tradition, though the functions of the study of rhetoric in the Church were transferred from preparation for public address in law courts and assemblies to knowledge useful in interpreting the Bible, in preaching, and in ecclesiastical disputation. (George A. Kennedy, A New History of Classical Rhetoric. Princeton University Press, 1994) A Diverse History [A]s the history of medieval rhetoric and grammar reveal with special clarity, all the significant original works on discourse which appear in Europe after Rabanus Maurus [c. 780-856] are merely highly selective adaptations of the old bodies of doctrine. The classical texts continue to be copied, but new treatises tend to appropriate for their purposes only those parts of the old lore which are of use to the one art. Thus it is that the medieval arts of discourse have a diverse rather than a unified history. The writers of letters select certain rhetorical doctrines, the preachers of sermons still others . . .. As one modern scholar [Richard McKeon] has said in relation to rhetoric, in terms of a single subject mattersuch as style, literature, discourseit has no history during the middle ages. (James J. Murphy, Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: A History of Rhetorical Theory from St. Augustine to the Renaissance. University of California Press, 1974) Three Rhetorical Genres [James J.] Murphy [see above] outlined the development of three unique rhetorical genres: ars praedicandi, ars dictaminis, and ars poetriae. Each addressed a specific concern of the era; each applied rhetorical precepts to a situational need. Ars praedicandi provided a method for developing sermons. Ars dictaminis developed precepts for letter writing. Ars poetriae suggested guidelines for composing prose and poetry. Murphys important work provided the context for smaller, more focused studies of medieval rhetoric.(William M. Purcell, Ars Poetriae: Rhetorical and Grammatical Invention at the Margin of Literacy. University of South Carolina Press, 1996) The Ciceronian Tradition Conventional medieval rhetoric promotes highly formalized, formulaic, and ceremoniously institutionalized forms of discourse. The major source of this static richness is Cicero, the magister eloquentiae, known primarily through the many translations of De inventione. Because medieval rhetoric is so extensively committed to Ciceronian patterns of amplification (dilatio) through the flowers, or colores, of figured speaking that decorate (ornare) the composition, it often appears to be a ponderous extension of the sophistic tradition in a moralistic framework. (Peter Auski, Christian Plain Style: The Evolution of a Spiritual Ideal. McGill-Queens Press, 1995) A Rhetoric of Forms and Formats Medieval rhetoric . . . became, in at least some of its manifestations, a rhetoric of forms and formats. . . . Medieval rhetoric added to ancient systems its own generic rules, which were necessary because documents themselves had come to stand in for the people as well as for the Word that they meant to convey. By following articulated patterns for greeting, informing, and taking leave of the now-distant and temporarily removed audience, the letter, sermon, or saints life acquired typical (typological) forms.(Susan Miller, Rescuing the Subject: A Critical Introduction to Rhetoric and the Writer. Southern Illinois University Press, 1989) Christian Adaptations of Roman Rhetoric Rhetorical studies traveled with the Romans, but educational practices were not enough to keep rhetoric flourishing. Christianity served to validate and invigorate pagan rhetoric by adapting it to religious ends. Around AD 400, St. Augustine of Hippo wrote De doctrina Christiana (On Christian Doctrine), perhaps the most influential book of its time, for he demonstrated how to take the gold out of Egypt to fortify what would become the Christian rhetorical practices of teaching, preaching, and moving (2.40.60). The medieval rhetorical tradition, then, evolved within the dual influences of Greco-Roman and Christian belief systems and cultures. Rhetoric was also, of course, informed by the gendered dynamics of medieval English society that isolated nearly everyone from intellectual and rhetorical activities. Medieval culture was wholly and decidedly masculine, yet most men, just like all women, were condemned to class-bound silence. The written word was controlled by clergy, the men of the cloth and the Church, who controlled the flow of knowledge for all men and women. (Cheryl Glenn, Rhetoric Retold: Regendering the Tradition from Antiquity Through the Renaissance. Southern Illinois University Press, 1997)

Causes and Consequences of high Staff Turnover Levels in the Retail Essay

Causes and Consequences of high Staff Turnover Levels in the Retail Industry - Essay Example where this phenomenon is clearer, but the fact is that the high staff turnover level has become a common problem in most organizations while the efforts made should be characterized as rather inadequate. Specifically for the retail sector, the high staff turnover level can be explained by the severe turbulences that characterize the relevant market, which can lead to a series of negative outcomes for the companies that operate in this area. In this context, high staff turnover level in the retail sector should be regarded as an expected outcome if taking into account the series of problems of the specific industry which are being represented mostly by several failures regarding the initiatives and the decisions made by the companies’ human resources department. The particular topic has been chosen because of its importance in the operation of commercial markets internationally. More specifically, staff turnover has been found to be related with the business performance (as it will be analyzed in the sections that follow). From this view, staff turnover can also influence the performance of a whole industrial sector in case that the phenomenon is expanded to many firms of a specific sector or just to one which is considered to be the ‘indicator of stability’ in its market. Furthermore, the particular topic has been chosen because of its importance for the employees in the various industries of modern commercial markets. The main objective of current dissertation is the examination of the factors that influence the staff turnover in the retail industry as well as the parameters that can lead to an increase of the turnover in the long term. On the other hand, the consequences of the high staff turnover in the retail industry are also being examined in order to formulate secure results regarding the appearance and the development of the relevant phenomenon in modern commercial markets. It has to be noticed that current paper examines a variety of issues related

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - Coursework Example The RN also needs to inform the patient that he or she will take some time to adjust to the new lifestyle and that it will not be easy. However, words of encouragement will motivate the patient to live positively. Some of the factors that the RN needs to consider include the patient’s knowledge, attitude and skills. The main steps of the teaching-learning process include assessing learning needs, diagnosing the learning needs, developing a teaching plan and finally executing the plan (Hood, 2013). The RN was likely to have missed the second step. The RN did not identify the patient’s lack of knowledge regarding diabetes and poor attitude towards the disease, which were likely to obstruct the patients self-promotion of health (Hood, 2013). Some of the things that might be done differently include enlisting the patient to a support group of other patients with type 1 diabetes. In the group, the patients can share their day-to-day experiences of living with diabetes, the challenges they face and ways of overcoming these obstacles. Through the self-help group, the patient will be able to meet other people who are living healthy, productive lives with type 1 diabetes. Consequently, the patient will accept that diabetes is not the end of life and that insulin injections and blood glucose monitoring are the major ways of dealing with the

Breach of contract - contract law Essay Example for Free

Breach of contract contract law Essay Spanish Contract Law provides a broad notion of breach of contract for any behavior that departs from the specified behavior in the contract in any way (time, quality, substance, etc.) or is not specially justified on legal grounds (actions forbidden by the government are not breaches since they are justified on a legal ground). The general benchmark to determine breach is the contract agreed by the parties themselves, and not external notions. However, external notions are used in important situation such as the consumers market where the consumers expectations are the primary benchmarks to assess quality and performance since there is not an explicit contract. External notions are also important in other market, where a third party may have some duty or responsibility over the contract, and therefore, is responsible (at least in part) for any potential breach. The reason for breach does not exclude the breach. What matters is the breach. The analysis of breach takes place in objective terms. Subjective factors generally do not exclude breach, although they may affect remedies. In certain contractual areas, breach of duty and fault are generally required (professional contracts, management contracts: breach requires violation of a duty of care or a duty of loyalty). In professional contracts, the fault may be of a professional who was in contract with the firm, and in management contracts, it may be the fault of the manager. 2) Remedies: Spanish Contract Law provides a wide range of general remedies for breach of contract: †¢ Specific performance: the court forces the breacher to act as it was established in the contract. If for example, the contract stipulated that the promiser had to give the promisee a product of quality 2 and he delivers a good of quality 1, then as remedy the court force the promiser to deliver a good of quality 2. †¢ Damages: the court force the breacher to pay a certain amount of money  (damages) to the other party as compensation. It is a monetary remedy. The court calculate the amount to be paid. †¢ Liquidated damages: these are also monetary compensation, but with the difference that they are not calculated by the court, but they are instead specified in the contract itself. One example are the soccer players contracts, or sale contracts that specifies the amount to be paid for each day of delay. Other general remedies that we can find are: †¢ Termination: if a party suffers a breach, it can contract with another party and abandon its contractual obligation. If the breacher does not agree with this, court is necessary. †¢ Reduction of prices: in case of breach of a party, a general remedy is to reduce the price to equilibrate the contract. Generally, it is the aggrieved party who chooses the remedy to be imposed. 3) Specific performance: Specific performance is a remedy for breach characterized by the fact that a failed performance or departure from required action by the contract will be imposed upon breaching party. It is also characterized by several material variants of the remedy such as: forced delivery, forced action, injunction not to do, repair defective performance and replace non-conforming good. In the case of the injunction not to do, the court oblige the breacher not to do something, such as obliging a CEO to work for the competition if in the contract it was stipulated that he cannot. Specific performance conceptually includes repair and replacement of consumer goods. The main issue with specific performance, when it is feasible, is the issue of the balance of benefits and costs of the remedy. Specific performance implies that the breacher perform as the contract establishes. However, sometimes, the cost of this performance may be higher than the benefit in social welfare terms. Take the example of the mining firm, which has a contract with the owner of the land to mine for 10 years and then clean the land. When the 10 year pass, the firms breaches the contract and refuse to clean. The cost of cleaning the land is 20 millions, and the benefit for the  owner is 1 million. So if the court imposes a specific performance to firm, society will loose 19 millions. A good alternative would be to impose damages to the firm, which would be preferred by the owner, since an agreement between the firm and the owner will be reached that maximize the social welfare. In these cases, performance may be more costly than its value for promisee: performance may be ex post inefficient. There are both positive and negative features of specific performance as a remedy. As positive features, we can distinguish low informational requirements to apply remedy (avoids cost of error linked to estimating damages) and the party aggrieved by breach appears to be satisfied in its promissory expectation. As negative features, we find performance may be more costly than its value for promisee (performance may be ex post inefficient), requires a court order and takes time, for complex performances requires costly and difficult supervision by court and performance by a party forced to comply with contract may be perfunctory (lowest effort) at best. 4) Damages: Damages are understood as general remedies that can be applied to all types of contracts and breaches of contracts. It is a remedy defined in very broad terms: amount of money to compensate any harm suffered by the injured party as a consequence of any breach of contract. We can differentiate between two kinds of damages: expectation and reliance damages. This is why it is a remedy with a variable extension. Expectation damages: Expectation damages is the sum of money that will give the party damaged the same amount of welfare and utility than if the contract would not have been breached and the final result would have been attained. Therefore, the breach party would have to pay the aggrieved party an amount of money that would compensate for the harm caused and in addition an amount of money equal to the value of the performance for this party. There are however some problems with expectation damages since they are difficult to compute and some instances of moral hazard may appear. Those who seek for damages have to provide evidence of both the existence and amount of damages. This requirement has some exceptions in case of harm in re ipsa: illegitimate use of a productive good, deprivation of a productive good, and few other examples. Expectation damages is the general rule in Spanish Law for breach of contract. It is the damage measure that accompanies termination for breach and the replacement measure of specific performance. It is awarded when there is a breach of representations and warranties, advertising and promotional communications and in cases of pre-contractual fraud that are equivalent to breach of contracts. How can we compute expectation damages? When goods or services admit substitutes or cover transactions to avoid the negative consequences of the other party’s breach of contract, the price of these transactions is relevant. If the seller breaches the contract and the buyer has bought a good, generally fungible, then the expectation damages will be equal to the difference between the price of the substitute and the price established in the contract: Psub-Pc. If the buyer breaches the contract and the seller celebrates a cover sale the expectation damages would be equal to the difference between the price established in the contract and the price of the new sale: Pc-Psub. Other ways of computing expectation damages are the following: Market damages: (for fungible good with market price) buyer will receive expectation damages consisting of the difference between the market price when the breach of contract took place (Pm) and the contract price (Pc). Seller will receive the opposite difference. Expectation damages present some limitations that reduce it scope and amount. One of this limitations is the foreseeability rule. This rule state that the breacher should only be liable for the things that are foreseen or could have foreseen at the time of contracting and that are necessary  consequence of his failure to perform. For instance, if the foreseeable harm of a breach is 100 and the aggrieved party end up suffering a loss of 1000, the foreseeability rule states that damages will amount only to 100. The foreseeability rule gives incentives to give information in the time of contracting. Those who suffer from harm must declare the value of the performance. In tort law, there is no foreseeability rule, you pay the actual damage. Another limitation is the duty to mitigate damages: the aggrieved party is under the duty to mitigate damages that the other contracting party has caused with her / his breach of contract. Reliance damages: Reliance damages: sum of money that will give the party damaged the same amount of welfare and utility than if the contract would not have taken place (the initial situation). This is why reliance damages are generally lower than expectation damages. Reliance damages cover expenses for the injured party derived from concluding the contract, specific investments that the injured party has made in reliance of performance of the contract by the other party and opportunity costs. Limited assets: Damages do not always work well. Sometimes, individuals can bear the payment of these damages, and therefore, they will have incentives to reduce them. However, this is not always the case. When the breacher has not enough assets to pay damages up to the point of optimal care, damages do not work well, because people will not pay for the consequences of their acts, and therefore, their level of care will be the optimal according to what they can pay, and not what they should pay. This is known as judgement proof problem. Damages for pain and suffering: The traditional position of the Spanish Supreme Court and Spanish Courts is: †¢ To accept damages for pain and suffering for breach of contract †¢ To award damages for pain and suffering with a relative amplitude and generosity. †¢ To award damages for pain and suffering with several functions: †¢ To avoid the problems of calculating and justifying the amount of the damage award †¢ To compensate harm in personality rights (right to life, liberty, honor, etc.). †¢ To compensate non-patrimonial values joined to economic goods and rights (discomfort, inconvenience, disappointment, frustration) †¢ To punish intolerable or egregious behaviors of breach of contract. When an individual suffer harm, her utility decreases (she goes form point A to point B, but her utility function for money will not change). If this harm is economic, we can compensate this harm with money, which will leave her at point A again. However, the harm that an individual can suffer may be non-economic, and for the same amount of money her utility decreases (her utility function changes). Money cannot restore the initial utility (a huge amount would be needed). This is the case of pain and suffering (accident and death of a relative, discomfort, etc). This is why it is useless to take insurance for death, since it would not compensate the harm. The hairy hand example: What is the difference between expectation and reliance damage? Lets look at an example. An individual was injured in his hand and lost 50% of his use. He entered in a contract with a doctor who promised to reestablish the hand to a 100% of use in exchange for quantity of money. Before the contract was made, the individual was situated in an indifference curve that related all the  combination of hand use and money that let the individual indifferent. We assume that the individual is willing to give up hand use for money. After the contract and operation, the individual was worse off, with 25% of use. What should the doctor pay as damage? If expectation damages are used, the doctor should pay the individual a quantity of money that together with the 25% of hand use leave him with the same utiity as if the contract had succeded and he had 100% of use (situate him in a higher indifference curve). If reliance damages are imposed, the doctor should pay the individual a quantity of mon ey that, together with the 25% of hand use, leave him with the same utility as if the contract did not take place, with 50% of hand use (situate him in the initial indifference curve). 5) Liquidated damages: Liquidated damages are damages for breach that are not determined ex post breach by a Court or arbitration panel, but ex ante by the contract parties themselves into the contract. Such possibility of â€Å"privately stipulated† remedies for breach is acknowledged by most legal systems, typically in the form of payment of money, although other possibilities may exist. They typically replace Court damages and they can be agreed as added penalty for breach. The most important issue is whether Courts are forced to enforce liquidated damages, or they may disregard, or reduce, the amount of the liquidated damages award. The reasons why Courts allow liquidated damages are: †¢ Freedom of contract †¢ A large liquidated damages clause may be necessary to induce promisee to find promise credible and the contract sustainable. †¢ Parties are in a better position than Courts to assess benefits and costs of determining a given amount. †¢ Liquidated damages compensate systematic underestimation of damages by Courts. If liquidated damages are higher than the expectation damages, then the court will apply the second ones. There are however some economic arguments that may lead to reduce or at least control the level of liquidated damages clauses: †¢ â€Å"Excessive† damages clauses resulting from incorrect predictions or forecasts about future outcomes. †¢ External shocks unforeseen by parties that produce an unexpected increase in the damages payment. †¢ True â€Å"uncertainty† about future costs for one party. †¢ Behavioral biases that lead party to underestimate the true adverse impact of a damages clause (the â€Å"deferred cost problem†): †¢ Over-optimism concerning future performance and costs (the example of the gym) †¢ Hyperbolic discounting of future outcomes We can see the liquidated damages as barriers to entry. An excessive amount of LD is beneficial for the parties to the detriment of a third party who  may bid for the services of breaching party. Promisor agrees to pay an amount larger than ED, in exchange of higher price. Promisee uses high liquidated damages to extract larger payment from a third party interested in performance by promisor: larger payment from third party increases the surplus to the contract parties, that is shared between them. Also, excessive payment of third party are made possible by excessive damages clauses, which reduce efficient entry by third parties, and prevents them from successfully bidding for promisor’s performance. That is why the goal of reducing â€Å"excessive† liquidated damages is not to protect the breaching party, but third-parties. Sometimes, excessive LD for signaling are unwanted, since an unforeseeable contingency may appear that will cause a breach in the contract. A pooling equilibrium may be more desirable than a separating one when the distortion caused by the penalty on the â€Å"good type† is large enough. 6) Termination: Among the general remedies for breach, the last one is termination (or rescission, or cancellation, as it may also be called in Common Law jurisdictions). This remedy entitles the aggrieved party to cancel the contractual relationship with the breaching party, eliminating the obligations arising from the terminated contract. Once the contract is terminated the parties should give back what was received under the contract, unless the goods are now in lawful possession of a third party. In this case, the value of the goods would replace the goods themselves. The elimination of the effects of the contract is retroactive: it is considered that the contract did not exist. Spanish courts have established that termination does not require a lawsuit. However, if the other party disputes the termination or its conditions, restitution would require a lawsuit. Courts do not determine termination, but declare whether termination was or not properly effected by the party. The most contested issue about termination is when is termination available as a remedy. It is clear that not every breach or non-performance allows the  aggrieved party to terminate, but a qualified breach (material or fundamental breach) is required. We can define it as follow: †¢ Relevance: the breach must affect the central obligations or duties under the contract and not merely ancillary or incidental duties. †¢ Duration: the breach should not be merely sporadic or transitory, but likely to be repeated or continuing. †¢ Importance: the breach must substantially affect the interests of the non-defaulting party. Termination does not go alone, it does not exclude damages, and in fact it is naturally accompanied by damages payment.

The Decameron Essay -- Italy Italian Literature Giovanni Boccaccio Ess

The Decameron BOCCACCIO, GIOVANNI Born in 1313, Giovanni Boccaccio is one of the greatest figures in Italian Literature. He was born in Paris, France by a French woman who remains unknown, but on many occasion he speaks very highly of her. His father is an Italian; they are part of the middle class. As for their professional status, they were Merchants / Bankers. Although, Bocaccio was born out of wedlock, his father legitimized him and took him to his house, provided him with a family and a good education. In 1340 Boccaccio moved to Florence where he meets Petrarch in 1350, his mentor. He began study Greek and Roman Classics. During 1339 to 1351 he writes The Decameron one of the most noted and readable book in all literature. It is believed that he completes the first draft of The Decameron before he met Petrarch in 1350. Somehow the meeting with Petrarch changed Boccaccio’s Literature development. What he admires the most about Petrarch is his scholar and the humanist. With such influence Boccaccio withdraw from writing about romance, and preferably writes in Latin. He was an ambassador to different mission; Boccaccio did some community work while he was intensely involved in literature and his school activity. After traveling in different part of Europe, Boccaccio returns to Certaldo where he becomes very sick. In the fall of 1374 he receives the terrible news from Petrach’s son-in-law, to let him know that his best friend passed. He was devastated, became depressed and died the following year. SUMMARY OF FOURTH DAY, FIFTH STORY This love story is about a rich, young girl that falls in love with a young man of a low social status. Ellisabetta is young, beautiful and lives in Mess... ...l of this just to keep a secret that ends up coming out anyway. This just proves the old saying, "What is done in the dark will come to light." Cottino-Jones sums up love and the community in this story in her book. She says, "the lovers in this books are constantly faced with violence, death and isolation when their affairs come into conflict with society’s rigid behavior codes "(Cottino-Jones, 79). Lack of communication and social factors made everyone in the story unhappy or dead. WORKS CITED Boccaccio, Giovanni. The Decameron. Translated by Mark Musa & Peter Bondanella. Penguin-Mentor, 1982. Cottino-James, Marga. Order From Chaos: Social & Aesthetic Harmonies In Boccaccio’s Decameron. Washington D. C.: University Press, 1982. Decameron Web. http://www.Brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/dweb.shtml. (1999, July 6).

Aloha Products

Aloha Products is a United States-based coffee-processor company that has been providing non-specialty and low-priced coffee for over a hundred years. It purchases the raw materials or what buyers and sellers refer to as â€Å"green coffee† from brokers and trade firms then processes the coffee and sells the final product to customers. Large companies such as Nestle and P&G directly import the unprocessed or green coffee beans from coffee plantations in tropical countries such as Brazil and Colombia while companies with smaller levels of business such as such as Aloha buy the green coffee beans from brokers or trade firms.Aloha Products is managed by the owners and its headquarters is located in Ohio, United States. It has three plants located in Midwestern United States, each plant being responsible for its own profit and loss. Each plants performance is measured by each plant managers gross margin generated per plant. The raw materials or green coffee beans are handled by th e company’s purchasing unit that is located in New York City. Each plant receives a production schedule that is determined from the center and receives raw materials as well as pay in accordance with the production requirements of each plant.Aloha’s Top management is regulated by the members of the founding family. Company uses centralized control system where all main decisions regarding purchases, production, sales, marketing and promotion are made on corporate level while plant managers are only responsible for their profit and loss. Also there is centralized preparation of overall financial statement at home offices. This organization has led plant managers to a lack of adequate control over the activities of the managed plant; however, they are still assessed on the performance.This method has been done until in the 1990s, when the plant managers started to speak out on their dissatisfaction on the computation of their bonuses since they do not have authority to d etermine the prices of raw materials, production schedules and output prices from the manufacturer. External factors such as the steady decline in Americans consumption of coffee from 1965 to 1990 affected the sales and profits of coffee processors as well.Because of this, the company president hired a consulting firm to evaluate the current control systems in the three major departments: Plant Operations, Sales and Marketing and the Purchasing groups. 2. Case Question No-1: Evaluate the current control systems for the manufacturing, marketing, and purchasing departments of Aloha Products Answer is: From the case we can see that Aloha products have a centralized control system. What this means is that the main office or headquarters handled the purchasing, marketing and sales activities of each of the three plants.Based on the current control system evaluating three major departments of Aloha Products are described as follows†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Evaluation of Manufacturing Departments: Th ere are three production plants within AP’s manufacturing department; each plant is responsible for their own profits and losses. Unfortunately, the managers have no control over the any of the major activities in their respective production facilities. the vice president of manufacturing oversees all of the roasting, grinding, and packaging processes. Production schedules are provided to each plant manager for the current and following month.The plant managers also have no control over the green beans purchase, production schedule, production mix, or the costs of their inputs, as the purchasing department assigns the costs based on the specific contract for that shipment. If the inputs exceed the plant’s requirements, they are sold at the spot rate in the market, and could very well result in a loss. Evaluation of Purchasing Departments: The purchasing department is responsible for obtaining the required quantities and types of green coffee to be roasted in the produc tion plants.The level of sophistication and expertise needed makes this department a necessity; proper staffing is vital based on the complexity of the green coffee market. This department relies on relationships with growers and brokers; for smaller firms, an important feature of this department is their ability to foresee demand and required inventory and subsequently enter into forward contracts with brokers, anywhere from three to twelvemonths in advance. The costs of each shipment are based on the specific contracts for those green coffee beans, which can vary based on the various price drivers previously mentioned.This can create a diversified and volatile cost of inventory. Required inventory demand is based on communication between marketing (sales) and the purchasing department, any discrepancies at the current date is met by purchases through the spot market, which incurs significantly higher costs. The costs associated with running this purchasing department are charged t o the headquarters of AP. Currently, there is no communication between the purchasing and manufacturing department. Furthermore, purchasing department does not need to report to head office or meet any performance measurement standard.Ultimately, the power resides with upper management of the purchasing unit. Evaluation of Marketing (SALES) Departments: Under the current structure, this department is centralized. The president of AP and vice president of sales are in charge of advertising and promotion of the final products. The marketing department also determines the budgeted sales, which are then passed onto the purchasing department. Case Question No-2: Considering the company’s competitive strategy, what changes, if any, would you make to the control systems of the three departments?Answer is: The changes to the current control systems involve establishing accountability and effective communication among the three departments and providing key measures to evaluate the ma nagers’ performance objectively. Recommendations for the current management control system of Aloha Products are as follows†¦. Recommendation for Manufacturing Departments: The manufacturing department is currently a profit center. However, the plants do not have control over the costs of the green coffee.Thus, the main concern of this department as a whole should be efficiency; how well they can control the costs to roast green coffee. As such, were commend that the manufacturing department’s plants be accountable for the costs incurred to roast and package the green coffee. The performance measure for the manufacturing department at AP should be evaluated based solely on the roasting, grinding, and packaging of AP’s coffees. Conceptually, it’s unfair to evaluate manufacturing as a profit center, when in reality it has little to no control over product costs or sales.Since control over purchasing and selling will not be transferred to the manufactur ing department in this proposal, it is logical to assess based on controllable factors such as cost/pound only. This is in contrast to a measure such as using manufacturing costs as a percentage of net sales. Instead of being assessed for the performance of the purchasing and marketing departments, plant managers will now have an incentive to ensure their costs do not vary from the standard. It would still be possible to evaluate roasting plants based on gross margin as well.However, to ensure that plant managers are not penalized for fluctuations in the cost of green coffee contracts, a standard cost for green coffee would have to be established and used in the computation of gross margin. Recommendation for Purchasing Department: The purchasing department’s costs are being charged to central office. Due to this, the purchasing department is not being held accountable for the contracts it is entering into. The purchasing department’s main concern should be actual cont ract costs.Thus, we recommend that the purchasing department be accountable for the difference between the actual costs per signed contracts and the standard cost of green coffee raw materials. The actual costs should be measured in a similar manner to the current practice. Contract costs related to buying and selling in the spot market should not be included in the computed price per bag. A reasonable standard cost for green coffee contracts will have to be established based on discussions between management and executives in the purchasing department.The standard cost could potentially be based on the average of the spot price over the past 6 months. We recommend that this standard cost be updated every quarter, in order to provide accurate standard costs of green coffee raw materials. Recommendation for Marketing Departments: The marketing department focuses its efforts on advertising and promotion, however, it is not held responsible for the costs it incurs or how accurate their sales forecasts/budgets are. There is a large cost associated with differences between the forecasted requirements and actual requirements.The difference results in purchases or sales at the spot price for green coffee, which tends to cost more than forward contract prices. It is not reasonable for the marketing department to perfectly forecast sales and therefore there should be leniency in developing a method of accountability for this department. We must keep in mind that our goal is not only to hold each group accountable, but also to make sure managers feel they are being evaluated fairly and motivated to improve performance. In keeping with this, actual sales volume should be compared to forecasted sales volume.This will not only help to keep the marketing department accountable for their activities, but will also allow for forecast methodology to be reviewed and continuously improved. Overall, we believe that we also need to establish goal congruence between the three depart ments. This can be achieved through emphasizing communication between departments; this would encourage the forecasts of purchases/sales to be more accurate. In order to increase goal congruence and communication we recommend that the departments also beevaluated based on an overall measure for the firm. This measure would be economic value added (EVA), as when it is applied, managers will not just be focused on their own department profitability, but also that of the company as a whole. The EVA approach promotes the same profit objectives across the different departments. Thus, by keeping the same structural organization and only changing the way each department is evaluated, the incentive plan for each department more accurately reflects what each department can control.

Rome Articles on the End of the Roman Republic

Julius Caesars posthumously adopted son, Octavian, became the first emperor of Rome, known to posterity as Augustus -- the census-taking Caesar Augustus of the New Testament Book of Luke. When Did Republic Become Empire? According to modern ways of looking at things, the accession of Augustus or Julius Caesars assassination on the Ides of March 44 B.C. marks the official end of the Republic of Rome. When Did the Republic Start Its Decline? The collapse of Republican Rome had been long and gradual. Some claim it started with the expansion of Rome begun during the Punic Wars of the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C. More traditionally, the beginning of the end of the Roman Republic begins with Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus (the Gracchi), and their social reforms. 1st Century B.C. It all came crescendoing to a head around the time the triumvirate of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus came to power. While it was not unheard of for a dictator to assume total control, the triumvirate grabbed power that was supposed to belong to the Senate and the Roman people (S.P.Q.R.). End of the Republic Timeline Here are some of the major events in the history of the fall of the Republic of Rome. The Government of the Roman Republic 3 Branches of GovernmentHaving witnessed the problems of the monarchy on their own land, and aristocracy and democracy among the Greeks, the Romans opted for a mixed form of government, with 3 branches of government.Cursus HonorumDescription of the magisterial offices and order in which they must be held.Comitia CenturiataThe Assembly of the Centuries looked at the age and wealth of the tribesmen and divided them accordingly. The Gracchi Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus brought reforms to Rome by circumventing tradition, and in the process started a revolution. Thorns in the Side of Rome Spartacus  is the summary of the slave rebellion led by the Thracian gladiator Spartacus beginning in 73 B.C.Mithridates  was the King of Pontus (on the southeast side of the Black Sea) kept trying to increase his holdings, but each time he tried to encroach on the territory of others, the Romans stepped in to push him back.By the time Pompey was asked to handle the pirates, they were out of hand -- almost destroying commerce, preventing trade between cities and capturing important officials. In order to put an end to their power, laws had to be passed and Sulla and Marius One, an impoverished aristocrat, and the other, a new man, Sulla and Marius couldnt have been more different. Sulla started out in a subordinate position and the two fighting each other nearly brought Rome to ruin.Seven-time consul, Marius led the Roman forces to victory in Africa and Europe. Despite the assassination of his political associates, he died in office an old man. The Triumvirate General, consul, writer, Julius Caesar is sometimes called the greatest leader of all times.Pompey was known as Pompey the Great after he removed the threat of an annoying Roman gadfly, the so-called friend of Rome, Mithradates of Pontus, in Asia Minor.Crassus  was the third member of the triumvirate, with Pompey and Caesar despite the fact that Pompey had stolen Crassus glory vis a vis putting down the slave revolt of Spartacus. They Had to Die Cicero  was a pivotal figure at the end of the Republic, a sometime friend of Pompey, an orator, and a statesman.Cleopatra  led an important country, Egypt, as well attracting the attention of both Caesar and Mark Antony. As such, she straddled the shift from Republic to Roman Empire.Mark Antony  was a  member of the second triumvirate with Augustus and Lepidus, after Lepidus was dispensed with, Mark Antony had increasing trouble maintaining his position.